Technique produces bandgap to advance graphene electronics

ScienceDaily (Nov. 18, 2012) ? By fabricating graphene structures atop nanometer-scale "steps" etched into silicon carbide, researchers have for the first time created a substantial electronic bandgap in the material suitable for room-temperature electronics. Use of nanoscale topography to control the properties of graphene could facilitate fabrication of transistors and other devices, potentially opening the door for developing all-carbon integrated circuits.

Researchers have measured a bandgap of approximately 0.5 electron-volts in 1.4-nanometer bent sections of graphene nanoribbons. The development could provide new direction to the field of graphene electronics, which has struggled with the challenge of creating bandgap necessary for operation of electronic devices.

"This is a new way of thinking about how to make high-speed graphene electronics," said Edward Conrad, a professor in the School of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "We can now look seriously at making fast transistors from graphene. And because our process is scalable, if we can make one transistor, we can potentially make millions of them."

The findings were scheduled to be reported November 18 in the journal Nature Physics. The research, done at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta and at SOLEIL, the French national synchrotron facility, has been supported by the National Science Foundation' Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) at Georgia Tech, the W.M. Keck Foundation and the Partner University Fund from the Embassy of France.

Researchers don't yet understand why graphene nanoribbons become semiconducting as they bend to enter tiny steps -- about 20 nanometers deep -- that are cut into the silicon carbide wafers. But the researchers believe that strain induced as the carbon lattice bends, along with the confinement of electrons, may be factors creating the bandgap. The nanoribbons are composed of two layers of graphene.

Production of the semiconducting graphene structures begins with the use of e-beams to cut trenches into silicon carbide wafers, which are normally polished to create a flat surface for the growth of epitaxial graphene. Using a high-temperature furnace, tens of thousands of graphene ribbons are then grown across the steps, using photolithography.

During the growth, the sharp edges of "trenches" cut into the silicon carbide become smoother as the material attempts to regain its flat surface. The growth time must therefore be carefully controlled to prevent the narrow silicon carbide features from melting too much.

The graphene fabrication also must be controlled along a specific direction so that the carbon atom lattice grows into the steps along the material's "armchair" direction. "It's like trying to bend a length of chain-link fence," Conrad explained. "It only wants to bend one way."

The new technique permits not only the creation of a bandgap in the material, but potentially also the fabrication of entire integrated circuits from graphene without the need for interfaces that introduce resistance. On either side of the semiconducting section of the graphene, the nanoribbons retain their metallic properties.

"We can make thousands of these trenches, and we can make them anywhere we want on the wafer," said Conrad. "This is more than just semiconducting graphene. The material at the bends is semiconducting, and it's attached to graphene continuously on both sides. It's basically a Shottky barrier junction."

By growing the graphene down one edge of the trench and then up the other side, the researchers could in theory produce two connected Shottky barriers -- a fundamental component of semiconductor devices. Conrad and his colleagues are now working to fabricate transistors based on their discovery.

Confirmation of the bandgap came from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements made at the Synchrotron CNRS in France. There, the researchers fired powerful photon beams into arrays of the graphene nanoribbons and measured the electrons emitted.

"You can measure the energy of the electrons that come out, and you can measure the direction from which they come out," said Conrad. "From that information, you can work backward to get information about the electronic structure of the nanoribbons."

Theorists had predicted that bending graphene would create a bandgap in the material. But the bandgap measured by the research team was larger than what had been predicted.

Beyond building transistors and other devices, in future work the researchers will attempt to learn more about what creates the bandgap -- and how to control it. The property may be controlled by the angle of the bend in the graphene nanoribbon, which can be controlled by altering the depth of the step.

"If you try to lay a carpet over a small imperfection in the floor, the carpet will go over it and you may not even know the imperfection is there," Conrad explained. "But if you go over a step, you can tell. There are probably a range of heights in which we can affect the bend."

He predicts that the discovery will create new activity as other graphene researchers attempt to utilize the results.

"If you can demonstrate a fast device, a lot of people will be interested in this," Conrad said. "If this works on a large scale, it could launch a niche market for high-speed, high-powered electronic devices."

In addition to Conrad, the research team included J. Hicks, M.S. Nevius, F. Wang, K. Shepperd, J. Palmer, J. Kunc, W.A. De Heer and C. Berger, all from Georgia Tech; A. Tejeda from the Institut Jean Lamour, CNES -- Univ. de Nancy and the Synchrotron SOLEIL; A. Taleb-Ibrahimi from the CNRS/Synchrotron SOLEIL, and F. Bertran and P. Le Fevre from Synchrotron SOLEIL.

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grants DMR-0820382 and DMR-1005880, the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the Partner University Fund from the Embassy of France. The content of the article is the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the National Science Foundation.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Georgia Institute of Technology, Research Communications, via Newswise. The original article was written by John Toon.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Hicks, J. A wide-bandgap metal-semiconductor-metal nanostructure made entirely from graphene. Nature Physics, 2012 DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS2487

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/5BTqhOHVnCw/121118141403.htm

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Saturday's College Basketball

Bryant 76, New Hampshire 64

Bucknell 62, New Mexico St. 49

Campbellsville 73, Virginia-Wise 59

Canisius 72, St. Bonaventure 69

Chestnut Hill 86, Lock Haven 76

Clarkson 65, Ithaca 63

Concordia (N.Y.) 79, Merrimack 76

Cortland St. 97, Utica 84

Drexel 61, Penn 59

George Washington 72, Boston U. 59

Hampden-Sydney 102, Washington (Md.) 70

Hartwick 70, Regis (Mass.) 67

Hobart 69, Messiah 56

Hofstra 74, Dist. of Columbia 59

Kenyon 73, Keuka 62

King's (Pa.) 44, Susquehanna 43

Loyola (Md.) 65, Norfolk St. 49

Marist 67, Columbia 62

Merchant Marine 71, St. Lawrence 69

Middlebury 72, Lebanon Valley 63

Millersville 55, Wilmington (Del.) 52

Mount St. Vincent 54, Lehman 52

NJ City 91, St. Joseph's (LI) 58

Ohio St. 69, Rhode Island 58

Oneonta 92, York (Pa.) 77

Pittsburgh 72, Oakland 62, OT

Post (Conn.) 73, LIU Post 72

Rider 65, Monmouth (NJ) 62

Roanoke 75, Haverford 72

Rochester 82, Mount St. Mary (NY) 68

Rowan 71, Gettysburg 47

S. Dakota St. 78, Marshall 77

Temple 77, Rice 63

Thiel 81, Mount Union 76

Vassar 67, Hunter 66

Vermont 66, Northeastern 55

Washington 84, Seton Hall 73, OT

William Paterson 71, Stevens Tech 55

Yale 63, Buffalo 59

SOUTH

Asbury 90, Milligan 81

Barton 104, North Greenville 76

Bellarmine 64, Grand Valley St. 57

Berea 107, Ohio-Lancaster 36

Carson-Newman 103, Knoxville 73

Charlotte 70, Lamar 49

Chowan 74, Catawba 66

Christian Brothers 85, Williams Baptist 54

Columbus St. 73, Tusculum 53

E. Kentucky 71, Towson 69, OT

E. Mennonite 91, Ferrum 81, OT

Elon 81, Colgate 72

FAU 64, Coppin St. 61

Guilford 93, William Peace 56

King (Tenn.) 103, Pfeiffer 78

LaGrange 61, Berry 58

Lane 82, Fisk 73

Limestone 69, Coker 50

Livingstone 79, Allen 64

Loyola NO 76, Brewton-Parker 55

Memphis 65, Samford 54

Mount Olive 85, Fayetteville St. 66

Northwestern St. 92, Hannibal-LaGrange 43

Pikeville 95, Lindsey Wilson 91, OT

Queens (NC) 89, Lees-McRae 62

Radford 67, Kennesaw St. 58

S. Virginia 86, Johnson & Wales (NC) 56

Shorter 98, Young Harris 87

South Florida 68, Loyola of Chicago 50

St. Augustine's 61, Paine 41

Stephen F. Austin 69, FIU 60

Tennessee Tech 65, ETSU 62

The Citadel 92, Union (Ky.) 50

VCU 90, Winthrop 54

Virginia 83, Seattle 43

Voorhees 114, St. Andrews 80

W. Kentucky 92, W. Carolina 81

W. Michigan 68, Md.-Eastern Shore 51

William & Mary 83, High Point 61

Xavier (NO) 82, Wiley 77, OT

MIDWEST

Adrian 57, Wooster 56

Baker 65, McPherson 48

Bethel (Minn.) 75, St. Scholastica 61

Bradley 79, IUPUI 72

Calvin 83, North Park 54

Cardinal Stritch 94, Trinity (Ill.) 68

Carroll (Wis.) 75, Carthage 74

Clarke 79, Concordia (St.P.) 70

Cleveland St. 67, Old Dominion 55

Davenport 83, Marygrove 38

DePaul 98, Austin Peay 67

Detroit 85, Drake 79

Doane 86, Dordt 70

E. Illinois 63, Texas-Pan American 50

E. Michigan 60, IPFW 47

Evansville 49, W. Illinois 44

Findlay 74, Cedarville 65

Goshen 79, Wis.-Eau Claire 73

Gustavus 83, Bethany Lutheran 63

Hamline 92, Wis. Lutheran 86, OT

Indiana St. 70, Truman St. 57

Indianapolis 79, Northwood (Mich.) 62

Iowa 65, Gardner-Webb 56

Jamestown 54, Viterbo 47

Lewis 60, Ferris St. 47

Milwaukee 73, Davidson 68

Milwaukee Engineering 81, Caltech 50

Minn. Duluth 70, Michigan Tech 58

Mount St. Joseph 88, Olivet 57

N. Dakota St. 73, Mayville St. 40

N. Iowa 72, North Dakota 47

North Central (Minn.) 83, St. Mary's (Minn.) 78

Northwestern (Minn.) 78, Wis.-River Falls 69

Northwestern Ohio 74, Cornerstone 60

Ohio Dominican 91, Ohio Valley 72

Park 96, Lindenwood-Belleville 85

Peru St. 85, AIB 56

Rochester (Mich.) 73, Bethel (Ind.) 69

San Diego St. 60, Missouri St. 44

Siena Heights 63, Aquinas 56

Sioux Falls 69, S. Dakota Tech 49

Wartburg 84, Rockford 50

Washington (Mo.) 69, Trinity (Texas) 51

Wichita St. 69, Howard 50

William Woods 76, Bellevue 63

Winona St. 66, Colo.-Colo. Springs 57

Wis.-La Crosse 81, Ripon 57

Wis.-Oshkosh 64, Edgewood 54, OT

Wis.-Stevens Pt. 82, St. Olaf 81

Wis.-Whitewater 75, Beloit 68

Xavier 61, Robert Morris 59

SOUTHWEST

Houston 87, Grambling St. 47

Houston Baptist 82, Dallas Christian 73

SMU 78, Texas St. 75

UTSA 67, SC-Upstate 59

FAR WEST

CS Northridge 92, Tulsa 76

Nevada 71, Green Bay 69

UC Riverside 89, Whitman 76

Utah St. 77, Texas A&M-CC 68

Utah Valley 96, Southwestern (Ariz.) 70

TOURNAMENT

Coaches vs. Cancer Classic

Third Place

Notre Dame 78, BYU 68

NYU Tipoff Tournament

First Round

John Jay 70, Gwynedd-Mercy 68

NYU 84, Geneseo St. 74

Stockton Tipoff Tournament

Championship

Richard Stockton 78, Farmingdale 58

USVI Paradise Jam

Championship

Ill.-Chicago 62, Mercer 36

Iona 94, Wake Forest 68

EXHIBITION

N. Michigan 129, Finlandia 52

Source: http://www.modbee.com/2012/11/17/2460120/saturdays-college-basketball.html

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Probleme root Samsung Galaxy Ace S5839i

bonjour,
(Soyez compr?hensifs,je suis plus tout jeune,merci)
mon probleme est lorsque j'essaie de rooter mon tel,apres l'appui sur home, power,volume haut,ou Power + Volume Haut + home,et que je selectionne Install Zip From SDcard j'ai comme message :
failed to mount / sdcard (no such file or directory.
Me suis quand meme amuser a formater ma sd,remettre ce fameux fichier universal_gb_root_v22.zip ou aussi universal_gb_root_v20.zip
mais rien ne marche.
En parcourant ce forum et divers autres,il apparrait que je suis pas le seul a bricoler ? ce niveau.
Si quelqu'un ? une solution miracle,je dit oui!

Mod?le : Galaxy Ace-GT-S5839i
N? de mod?le : GT-S5830i
Android : 2.3.6
Bande de base : S5839iXXLC1
Kernel :2.6.35.7 dpi@DELL161#1
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We Can't Blame Everything on Powerful Men

There?s certainly been no shortage of news headlines proclaiming that we can now add former CIA director General David Petraeus to the list of powerful men who have been brought down by very well-publicized sex scandals. It?s particularly dismaying to see how many of these headlines are broadly asserting, as news outlet headlines often do in these situations, that there must be some sort of inextricable link between power, masculinity, and infidelity. These claims imply (or sometimes even explicitly state) that there?s something inherent about masculinity that leads powerful men to behave unethically, whereas powerful women would never fall victim to such an effect. Fact is, that kind of generalization is simply not fair at all ? nor is it even really accurate.

What?s Wrong With All The Men?

Based on the cultural lexicon, it certainly seems like men are the only ones messing up. However, blaming infidelity on Masculinity Gone Wild is incredibly short-sighted, for one glaring reason: Many of the societies in which these men are cheating also happen to be awful when it comes to gender equality, which makes it next to impossible to tease biological or evolutionary influences apart from cultural ones.

There have been many studies looking at the effects of power or status on risky, unethical, or selfish behavior, and these studies don?t show any moderated differences in the link between power and unethical behavior based on gender. Increases in power or status usually lead to action, risk-taking, cheating, and decreased prosociality across the board, whether you?re male or female. In fact, one recent study in Psychological Science specifically looked at infidelity as a dependent variable, and revealed that higher levels of power are linked to higher levels of reported & intended infidelity?in both men and women. Once you control for power, gender makes no difference in infidelity rates. The more power a man or woman possesses, the more likely he/she is to report cheating in the past or intending to cheat in the future.1

Herein lies the main flaw with many people?s ?women + power = totally moral, men + power = inevitable infidelity? arguments: Men and women have basic biological differences that might influence behavioral patterns, but they have basic cultural differences as well. Evolutionary theorists have proposed plenty of biologically based explanations for higher rates of male infidelity, most of which revolve around the Darwinian logic of differential reproductive strategies (e.g. men are motivated to mate with as many women as possible to spread their seed, whereas women are motivated to bond with a single partner to increase the likelihood that he will invest his resources in their children).

The problem with this explanation, though it feels intuitively appealing, is that we don?t live in a world where our behavior would be singularly determined by biology. In cultures where women don?t have as many opportunities to obtain the same jobs or salaries as men, they have historically had to rely on husbands (or fathers) for economic survival ? a situational complication that most men throughout history have simply not had to face.

When your marital partner is your financial lifeline, there?s a lot more to lose if you get caught between the sheets with someone else; the risks don?t really outweigh the benefits as well as they might for the partner making more money, who would hardly suffer as much economically if the marriage were to be dissolved. When people claim that ?men are more likely to cheat than women,? they should really just be claiming that ?powerful people are more likely to cheat than less-powerful people.? It?s impossible to disentangle gender and power when you live in a culture that conflates the two so profoundly.

This idea was supported by yet another Psychological Science paper published earlier this year on gender differences in mate preference throughout different cultures around the world. In countries like Iran, Japan, and Nigeria, where there is significant societal gender inequality (as measured by the Gender Gap Index, which measures a nation?s gender-based differences in access to important opportunities and resources2), you see the evolutionarily expected differences in mate preference, with men preferring more stereotypical qualities in women (e.g. attractiveness and chastity) and women preferring more stereotypical qualities in men (e.g. money and status).

In countries like Sweden, Norway, and Finland, on the other hand, gender disparities are far less common ? and the ?evolutionary? gender differences in mate preferences (which, remember, are often proposed as the root of the reason why power and increased status/resources would lead men, but not women, to cheat) shrink down to a level where they almost disappear entirely. It?s not that people don?t value attractiveness, money, or status when looking for romantic partners. Rather, it?s that you don?t see sex differences emerging systematically in their choices.

In countries that come closer to approximating true gender equality, women are just as likely as men to prioritize physical attractiveness, and men are just as likely as women to want a partner who?s intelligent and/or wealthy. When we do observe gender differences in mate preferences, it?s not a function of biology ? it?s a function of culture. If there were truly a biological, hormonal, or evolutionary reason why powerful men should be more likely to exhibit ?reproductive strategies? that revolve around having sex with a ton of people and powerful women should not, you should see these types of gender-based mate preferences reliably emerging across cultures. Or, at the very least, you should not see them emerging only in the cultures that would also be predicted to create them.

What does Barack Obama have in common with asthma?

The conflation of power and masculinity is not the only way in which we may have been tricked into seeing a correlation that doesn?t truly exist. Some common mental shortcuts (or heuristics) that help us act efficiently in our everyday lives can also end up backfiring in somewhat predictable ways, leading us to draw erroneous conclusions about our social worlds that don?t accurately represent reality. For example, our perceptions of reality often fail to account for the fact that when powerful men aren?t messing up, no one really cares about their personal lives. After all, had you read anything in the news prior to this week about the well being of General Petraeus?s marriage?

This uneven media coverage creates a false sense of frequency, which contributes to an effect that Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman termed the availability heuristic in their classic Science paper on cognitive biases. A great example of the availability heuristic is the fact that people are typically far more worried about dying in a plane crash than a car accident. It?s not because the plane crashes happen more often; on the contrary, car accidents are much more common, and kill far more people than plane crashes per year. But because people see plane crashes more often in the news, it?s easier to recall salient examples of fatal plane crashes than fatal car accidents, which makes you overestimate how often they actually happen. This effect was empirically demonstrated in 1978, when a team of researchers asked participants to guess how many people died each year from various different causes.

As it turns out, people far overestimated the frequency of rare, newsworthy events that stood out and merited extensive news coverage, and underestimated the fatality of media-unfriendly causes. For example, homicide, despite being 23% less frequent than suicide, was reported in the news 9.6 times as often; sure enough, participants were far more likely to think that more people died per year from murder than from suicide. And, in one of the most drastic examples, participants typically assumed that people were more likely to die from tornadoes than from asthma, and rated asthma as only slightly more probable of a killer than botulism; in reality, asthma was 20 times more likely to kill someone than a tornado, and over 900 times more likely than botulism.

In much the same way that the news won?t report many asthma-related fatalities, newscasters also won?t typically waste their airtime talking about all of the powerful men who aren?t doing anything particularly scandalous. Most of the time (aside from election season, when every aspect of a politician?s personal life becomes news fodder, no matter how dull) we don?t really see headlines proclaiming, ?Barack and Michelle: Still Happily Married.? It?s simply not that interesting. This bias may make for more intriguing nightly news reports, but it also creates a world where we overestimate just how often power and scandal are correlated; we then fail to correct these perceptions by factoring in all of the times when a) powerful people do not engage in scandalous acts (no one cares about those acts), and b) powerless people do engage in scandalous acts (no one cares about those people).

So next time you see a pundit crying out about the sins and scandals of powerful men, just remember: This association is a stronger demonstration of misunderstanding than maleness.

1. Astute readers might note that the last author on this paper is the infamous Diederik Stapel. This paper was cleared by an investigatory committee, and the lead author Joris Lammers asserts that Stapel played no role in the data collection process. However, people can choose to do what they please with that knowledge. The literature on power being linked more broadly to risk-taking, unethical behavior, and approach/action tendencies is widely supported by numerous different papers emerging from numerous different labs, none of which include Stapel as an author.

2. For those interested in how gender equality was measured in this study, the GGI includes fourteen indicators grouped into four dimensions: economic, political, educational, and health. Examples of indicators from each dimension are wage equality, women in governmental positions, literacy rates, and life expectancy ratio, respectively. The GGI is currently regarded as the ?most comprehensive measure of gender equality to date? (Zentner & Mitura, 2012).

Parts of this post were previously published under the title ?Sex, Lies, and Power = Lies about Power and Sex? at PsySociety on July 22, 2011 in the wake of massive publicity about Arnold Schwarzenegger?s affair. The original post can be found here: http://psysociety.wordpress.com/2011/07/22/sex-lies-power/

References:

Zentner, M., & Mitura, K. (2012). Stepping out of the caveman?s shadow: Nations? gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences. Psychological Science

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New Panda Picture: 'Little Gift' Gets Bigger

The newest panda cub at the San Diego Zoo got another checkup this week ? his first since being named Xiao Liwu, meaning "Little Gift."

The pudgy cub weighed in at 10.3 pounds (4.6 kg) and measured 25.1 inches (63.7 cm) long, a pound and 2 inches bigger than last week. In another development, Xiao Liwu has four baby teeth that have broken through his gums, veterinarians at the zoo report.

Though the cub was born on July 29, his name was only announced in a ceremony earlier this week. In keeping with a Chinese cultural tradition, the zoo waits to name new cubs until they are at least 100 days old. The name Xiao Liwu was chosen by popular vote, edging out five other suggestions, including Qi Ji (Miracle), Yu Di (Raindrop), Da Hai (Big Ocean or Big Sea), Yong Er (Brave Son) and Shui Long (Water Dragon).

Xiao Liwu is getting more and more active, and zoo officials said he kept crawling onto his caretakers' laps during his exam Tuesday (Nov. 13). Though his wriggling makes him more difficult to measure, the caretakers are pleased that he is comfortable with them.

"He's really getting some skill sets with his legs," senior veterinarian P.K. Robbins said in a video statement after the exam. "His rear legs haven't quite caught up with his front legs, but he's starting to climb and sit up and do some things that are pretty impressive for a little guy."

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/panda-picture-little-gift-gets-bigger-200729161.html

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